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Royal jelly (RJ) plays immunomodulatory role in humans. Further, role played by inflammasomes against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and involvement in its complications are well known. Here, we evaluated the effects of RJ on the relative expression of apoptosis associated with speck-like protein (ASC), node like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1), NLRP3, S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4), and S100A9, as the immune system-related molecules in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. RJ was administrated for 1 month (@1 g/day), to the patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. The relative expressions of ASC, NLRP1, NLRP3, S100A4 and S100A9 were evaluated using Real-Time PCR. The results showed that RJ increased the expression of ASC, but decreased the expression of NLRP1 in the patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Relative expressions of NLRP3, S100A4, and S100A9 were not altered following treatment with RJ. There were no significant differences between men and women regarding the relative expression of the molecules. The results suggest that RJ can modulate immune responses via downregulation of NLRP1. The roles played by ASC in other pathways suggest that the upregulation of ASC could be associated with its immunomodulatory potential.
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@#Background & Objective: This study aimed to find a biomarker to predict the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Serum levels of vitamin D3, C-reactive protein (CRP) and melatonin and their ratio were evaluated to find the valuable cut-off point. Methods: Serum levels of vitamin D3, CRP and melatonin were evaluated using commercial ELISA kit in newly diagnosed MS patients and compared with healthy controls. Results: Serum CRP level significantly increased and serum melatonin level significantly decreased in MS patients in comparison to controls. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy for the cut-off point of CRP/melatonin ratio ≥ 78.29087 were 80%. Conclusion: CRP/melatonin ratio ≥ 78.29087 may be used for prediction of MS in an at risk population
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Background: Multiple Sclerosis [MS] is the most common cause of neurologic disability in young adults. Recently, the AIRE gene was identified as a genetic risk factor for several autoimmune diseases in genome wide association studies. The aim of this study was to further investigate the possible role of the AIRE gene in susceptibility to MS in Iranian population
Methods: A total of 112 MS patients and 94 ethnically matched controls were included in the study. The Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism [SNP] [rs1800520, C>G] with a global MAF=0.2282/1143 was selected and genotyped using HRM real-time PCR method
Results: Results showed that AIRE SNP rs1800520 was significantly less common in the MS patients than in healthy controls [17.8 vs. 28.7%, pc=0.032, OR=0.54,95% CI 0.279,1.042]. Also, the frequency of allele G was significantly higher among the control group than in the case group [37.77 vs. 25%, pc=0.014]. Interestingly, mRNA transcribed on the rs1800520 SNP showed decreased free energy than the wild type suggesting that its increased stability may be responsible for the different activities of the polymorphic AIRE molecule
Conclusions: This is the first study investigating the relationship between AIRE gene and the susceptibility to MS. These results indicated that the rs1800520 SNP is not a susceptibility gene variant for the development of MS in Iranian population
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Objective: This study aimed to isolate and culture SADS cells, investigate their neurogenic capacity and evaluate their application for nerve tissue engineering
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, SADS cells were isolated from human adipose tissue. After 7-day treatment of SADS cells with insulin, indomethacin and isobutylmethylxanthine, neurogenic differentiation of SADS cells was investigated. During this study, Poly [?-caprolactone] [PCL] and PCL/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated using electrospinning and subsequently nanofibrous scaffolds were coated with platelet-rich plasma [PRP]. SADS cells were also seeded on nanofibrous scaffolds and neurogentic differentiation of these cells on nanofibers was also evaluated. Effect of PRP on proliferation and differentiation of SADS cells on scaffolds was also studied
Results: Our results showed that after 7-day treatment of SADS cells with insulin, indomethacin and isobutylmethylxanthine, SADS cells expressed markers characteristic of neural cells such as nestin and neuron specific nuclear protein [NEUN] [as early neuronal markers] as well as microtubule-associated protein 2 [MAP2] and neuronal microtubule-associated [TAU] [as mature neuronal markers] while mature astrocyte maker [GFAP] was not expressed. MTT assay and SEM results showed that incorporation of gelatin and PRP into the structure of nanofibrous scaffolds has a significant positive influence on the bioactivity of scaffolds. Our results also showed neurogentic differentiation of SADS cells on scaffolds
Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that SADS cells have potential to differentiate into early and mature progenitor neurons, in vitro. PCL/gelatin/PRP was found to be a promising substrate for proliferation of SADS cells and differentiation of these cells into neural cells which make these scaffolds a candidate for further in vivo experiments and suggest their application for nerve tissue engineering
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Objective: Inflammation of the immune system and the central nervous system has been known as an important predisposing factor for Parkinson's disease [PD]. Increased expression of OX40 protein [CD134] is a known factor for increased inflammation and initiation of NF-kappa-B signaling pathway in different diseases. We aimed to investigate the expression of OX40 at the transcript and serum protein levels
Materials and Methods: Twenty individuals with PD and 20 healthy individuals, as controls, were enrolled in this casecontrol study. Expression of OX40 at the transcript level and serum protein levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction [qRT-PCR] and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays respectively
Results: The mean expression level of OX40 was increased in patients but not at a significant level [P>0.05]. Consistently, the mean serum concentration of OX40 showed a mild, but non-significant, increase in the patients [P>0.05]
Conclusion: We conclude that OX40 expression at either the transcript or protein level has no diagnostic utility in asymptomatic PD. This shows the need for clinical, cellular and interventional research to detect new robust biomarkers
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Objective: OCT4B1, a novel variant of OCT4, is expressed in cancer cell lines and tis-sues. Based on our previous reports, OCT4B1 appears to have a crucial role in regulating apoptosis as well as stress response [heat shock proteins [HSPs]] pathways. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of OCT4B1 silencing on the expression of high molecular weight HSPs in three different human tumor cell lines
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, OCT4B1 expression was suppressed in AGS [gastric adenocarcinoma], 5637 [bladder tumor] and U-87MG [brain tumor] cell lines using RNAi strategy. Real-time polymerase chain reaction [PCR] array was employed for expression level analysis and the fold changes were calculated using RT2 Profiler PCR array data analysis software version 3.5
Results: Our data revealed up-regulation of HSPD1 [from HSP60 family] as well as HSPA14, HSPA1L, HSPA4, HSPA5 and HSPA8 [from HSP70 family] following OCT4B1 knock-down in all three cell lines. In contrast, the expression of HSP90AA1 and HSP90AB1 [from HSP90 family] as well as HSPA1B and HSPA6 [from HSP70 family] was down-regulated under similar conditions. Other stress-related genes showed varying expression pattern in the examined tumor cell lines
Conclusion: Our data suggest a direct or indirect correlation between the expression of OCT4B1 and HSP90 gene family. However, OCT4B1 expression was not strongly correlated with the expression of HSP70 and HSP60 gene families
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Due to the restricted potential of neural stem cells for regeneration of central nervous system [CNS] after injury, providing an alternative source for neural stem cells is essential. Adipose derived stem cells [ADSCs] are multipotent cells with properties suitable for tissue engineering. In addition, alginate hydrogel is a biocompatible polysaccharide polymer that has been used to encapsulate many types of cells. The aim of this study was to assess the proliferation rate and level of expression of neural markers; NESTIN, glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] and microtubule-associated protein 2 [MAP2] in encapsulated human ADSCs [hADSCs] 10 and14 days after neural induction. In this experimental study, ADSCs isolated from human were cultured in neural induction media and seeded into alginate hydrogel. The rate of proliferation and differentiation of encapsulated cells were evaluated by 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide [MTT] assay, immunocytoflourescent and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] analyzes 10 and 14 days after induction. The rate of proliferation of encapsulated cells was not significantly changed with time passage. The expression of NESTIN and GFAP significantly decreased on day 14 relative to day 10 [P<0.001] but MAP2 expression was increased. Alginate hydrogel can promote the neural differentiation of encapsulated hADSCs with time passage
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It has been documented that cytokines play important roles in the induction of normal functions of the placenta. It has been hypothesized that abnormal expression of the cytokines may be associated with unsuccessful pregnancy. The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of interleukin- 17A [IL-17A] and tumor growth factor [TGF-beta] in pre-term, term neonates, and their corresponding mothers. This study was performed on 100 term and 60 pre-term neonates, and also on their corresponded mothers. Serum levels of IL-17A and TGF-beta were examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. Our results revealed that the serum levels of IL-17A were significantly decreased in pre-term neonates in comparison to full-term neonates. However, the serum levels of IL-17A in the mothers either with pre-term or full-term neonates were not different. Also the serum levels of TGF-beta were not changed in pre-term neonates and their mothers when compared with full-term neonates and their mothers, respectively. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that IL-17A may play crucial roles in induction of normal pregnancies and also probably participates in normal growth of fetus
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Introduction: Lower level of estrogen hormone is considered as an important factor for loss of learning and memory in postmenopausal women. Although estrogen replacement therapy is used for compensation, but long-term usage of estrogen is associated with a higher risk of hormone-dependent cancers. Phytoestrogens, due to fewer side effects, have been proposed to prevent menopause-related cognitive decline
Methods: 24 female Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were used in this study. The animals were ovariectomized and randomly divided into four groups including, control and two groups which received 8 and 80 mg/kg Vitex agnus castus [VAC] ethanolic extract orally. The last groups were treated with 40 micro g/kg of estradiol valerat. Step-through passive avoidance [STPA] test was used for the evaluation of learning and memory. The hippocampal estrogen receptor alpha [ERalpha] expression was measured using Real-Time PCR
Results: The results demonstrated that VAC extract or estradiol had better performance on step-through passive avoidance test than control group [all P<0.05]. Moreover, administration of either estradiol or VAC extract increased the hippocampal mRNA level of ER alpha and prevented the decrease in uterine weight of ovariectomized rats
Discussion: Based on our data, VAC extract improves learning and memory in ovariectomized rats. The positive effect of VAC extract on learning and memory is possibly associated with an increase in ER alpha gene expression in the hippocampal formation
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Background: Lack of sufficient information on the mechanism of plasma exchange[PE] therapy in multiple sclerosis [MS], has limited this treatment to individual patientswith severe relapses who have been refractory to other treatments. This is while PE isused very successfully as a first-line standard treatment in many other neuro-immunedisorders. Recent data suggest that Treg/Th17 counterbalance may indicate theboundaries between promotion and regulation of inflammatory responses in MS andTreg/Th17 ratio may be useful as a marker for monitoring the efficiency of MStherapies
Objective: To evaluate the effect of PE on the frequency and ratio ofTreg/Th17 cells through concomitant measurement of the expression levels of Treg andTh17 lineage specific transcription factors, FOXP3 and RORC2, respectively
Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 8 relapsed MS patients were obtainedbefore and after a complete course of PE therapy and the FOXP3 and RORC2 mRNAlevels were assayed using real-time PCR approach
Results: No significant change inthe expression levels of individual transcription factors existed, but a significantincrease in FOXP3/RORC2 ratio [p=0.036] was observed
Conclusions: Our resultssuggest that PE therapy influences Treg/Th17 ratio and this maybe a mechanism bywhich this procedure exerts its improving effects in MS disease
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PURPOSE: Vitis vinifera is a species of Vitis that is native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia, and has been used as a drug in traditional medicine. Traditional medicinal plants have been used for medical purposes with increasing effectiveness. It is important to identify drugs that inhibit spermatogenesis. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of grape juice (GJ) on serum levels of inhibin B and sperm count in normal male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five adult male rats were randomly divided into five groups, each containing seven rats. Rats in the control group received 1 mL of normal saline over the course of the study. The experimental groups received GJ (100, 200, 400, and 1,600 mg/kg, orally, for 35 days consecutively). At the end of the treatment period, fertility indices were measured, including body weight difference, sex organ weight, sperm motility and count, epididymal sperm reserve, daily sperm production (DSP), and serum inhibin B levels. RESULTS: We found that GJ reduces body weight difference, was associated with decreased sperm motility and count in all treatment groups (p< or =0.05 and p< or =0.001, respectively). Moreover, DSP was significantly decreased in all treatment groups compared to the control group (p< or =0.05), except in the group receiving 100 mg/kg of GJ. Inhibin B levels were significantly decreased in all treatment groups (p< or =0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest that GJ in all doses, but especially in higher doses, may decrease fertility in male rats.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Asia , Body Weight , Europe , Fertility , Inhibins , Medicine, Traditional , Mediterranean Region , Organ Size , Plants, Medicinal , Sex Characteristics , Sperm Count , Sperm Motility , Spermatogenesis , Spermatozoa , VitisABSTRACT
Hepatitis B virus [HBV] is the most prevalent viral infection and is among the leading causes of human liver diseases. Nearly 360 millions of people are world widely infected with prolonged forms of hepatitis B including active and inactive chronic forms. Chronic hepatitis B [CHB] is associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] in patients suffering from congenital and/or acquired immunodeficiency and also following immunosuppressive therapy. The target cell of human acquired immunodeficiency virus [HIV] is CD4 positive T cells. These cells play central role[s] in both cellular and humoral immunity so that the HIV attack of CD4 positive T cells causes suppression of both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. One of the frequent complications in HIV positive patients is HBV co-infection and as a result, the co-transmission of these viral diseases is common. Due to the paramount importance of the co-infection of HBV and HIV, it is noteworthy to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B in these patients for planning of an effective therapeutic strategy. Based on these considerations, the main aim of this review article was to collect and analyze the recent and relevant studies regarding the prevalence rate of hepatitis B co-infection among HIV positive patients world widely
Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections , Coinfection , HIV , Prevalence , Hepatitis B, ChronicABSTRACT
Background: Osteoarthritis is one of the most common diseases in middle-aged populations in the World and could become the fourth principal cause of disability by the year 2020. One of the critical properties for cartilage tissue engineering [TE] is the ability of scaffolds to closely mimic the extracellular matrix and bond to the host tissue. Therefore, TE has been presented as a technique to introduce the best combination of cells and biomaterial scaffold and to stimulate growth factors to produce a cartilage tissue resembling natural articular cartilage. The aim of study is to improve differentiation of adipose derived stem cells [ADSCs] into chondrocytes in order to provide a safe and modern treatment for patients suffering from cartilage damages
Methods: After functionalization, dispersions and sterilizing carbon nano-tubes [CNTs], a new type of nanocomposite gel was prepared from water-soluble CNTs and alginate. ADSCs seeded in 1.5% alginate scaffold and cultured in chondrogenic media with and without transforming growth factor-beta1 [TGF-beta1] for 7 and 14 days. The genes expression of sex determining region Y-box 9 [SOX9], types II and X collagens was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and the amount of aggrecan [AGC] and type I collagen was measured by ELISA
Results: Our findings showed that the expression of essential cartilage markers, SOX9, type II collagen and AGC, in differentiated ADSCs at the concentration of 1 microg/ml CNTs in the presence of TGF-beta1 were significantly increased in comparison with the control group [P < 0.001]. Meanwhile, type X collagen expression and also type I collagen production were significantly decreased [P < 0.001]
Conclusions: The results showed that utilized three-dimensional scaffold had a brilliant effect in promoting gene expression of chondrogenesis
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In recent years, adipose tissue, due to the stem cells contained within, has found a new special place in laboratory and clinical applications. These adipose-derived stem cells [ADSCs] have the same characteristics of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells [BMSCs]. Although bone marrow [BM] is not easily accessible and its procurements may be painful, most patients possess excess fat which can be obtained by less invasive methods; this makes adipose tissue ubiquitous, available and an ideal large-scale source for research on clinical applications. BMSCs and ADSCs were harvested from three healthy human and were characterized using flow-cytometry. After they were treated for neurosphere formation using basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, B27; terminal differentiation was performed. In this study, we used immunocytochemistry, real time-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting techniques for detection and comparison of Nestin, microtubule-associated protein-2 [MAP-2] and glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] markers in human ADSCs and BMSCs. Under appropriate conditions ADSCs can differentiate into neuron-like cells and express neural markers the same as BMSCs, also the expression of GFAP marker in differentiated cells derived from ADSCs was significantly lower than the cells derived from BMSCs [P < 0.05]. While the expression of MAP-2 marker in both groups was the same. However, due to its advantages and according to our results based on the expression levels of GFAP and MAP-2, adipose tissue rather than BM could represent a more appropriate stem cell source for investigating the application of these cells in understanding the pathophysiology and in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders
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The differentiation between acute and latent forms of the Toxoplasma gondii [T. gondii] infection is still considered as a complicated issue. This study was aimed to elucidate the status of infection in the blood donors and the probable importance of blood transfusion in the transmission of the infection through detecting both immunological and genetic markers of acute and latent infection. Totally 235 blood samples from blood donors were collected. The levels of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies were examined by specific ELISA kits. cDNA were synthesized from total extracted mRNA molecules from the serum samples and SAG1 gene, specific for tachyzoite form, were amplified using Real-Time PCR technique. Demographic information of study subjects including their gender, age, job, and habitat were recorded. Out of 235 serum samples, 80 [34.04%] and 4 [1.71%] were positive regarding anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Real-Time PCR results showed that 14 out of 200 [6.97%] of blood donor had mRNA molecules of SAG1 gene. The positive results of Real-Time PCR of SAG1 in female gender and housekeepers were significantly higher than those of male gender and other job categories. The prevalence of chronic and acute infection is high in Iranian blood donors. Additionally, evaluation of antibodies could not be reliable, because several donors negative for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies had detectable SAG1 mRNA molecules. Hence, it seems that molecular diagnostic tests are essential to detect acute infections
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Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by different species of Leishmania parasites with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Antimonial compounds such as meglumine antimoniate [glucantime] are the first line drugs for the treat-ment of leishmaniasis. However, according to reports of the drug resistance of parasites, the efficacy of antimonial compounds is low. The ATP-binding cassette [ABC] proteins are present in all organisms and mediate the transport of vital elements through biological membranes. One of the important mechanisms of resistance in Leishmania parasites is the overexpression of ABC efflux pumps. P-glycoprotein A [pgpA] is a related gene for ABC transporter in Leishmania species. The aim of this study was to compare the pgpA expression in laboratory-induced resistant L. major [MRHO/IR/75/ER] and sensitive parasites. RNA extraction of promastigotes of sensitive and resistant clones was performed and total RNA was reverse transcribed. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction [PCR] was used to assess RNA expression profiles and the expression levels were calculated using 2-deltaCt method. The mean expression level of pgpA mRNA was 2.70 +/- 0.51 in in sensitive Leishmania clone and 6.08 +/- 1.50 in resistant Leishmania clone [P = 0.021]. The expression of pgpA gene in resistant strains of L. major was almost fivefold higher than those in susceptible strains. Therefore, this can be used in field isolates, i.e. overexpression of the gene can prove resistance in wild type field isolates
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Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide spread disease. The present study examined the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among animals of edible meat [cattle and sheep] in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province [Southwest of Iran] in 2012. Furthermore, we attempted for the first time to identify this parasite from the meat products in the province. The tongue, brain, femur muscle and liver of 50 sheep and 70 cattle as well as 50 samples of meat products were selected and collected to perform molecular survey using Nested-PCR method. Of the studied sheep, 38% were infected. The infection rate in the age groups under 1 year, 1-2 years, and more than 2 years was 25%, 35.29% and 52.94%, respectively. The infection rate in femur muscle, brain, liver and tongue was 28%, 32%, 30% and 16%, respectively. Of the studied cattle, 8.57% were infected. The infection rate in the age groups 1-2 years, 2-4 years, and more than 4 years was 3.7%, 9.09% and 14.28%, respectively. Sheep was infected 6 times more than cattle [OR = 6.53 CI = 2.374-18.005].The infection rate among samples of meat products was 12% [6 samples out of 50 samples]. Due to the high rate of this parasitic infection among the slaughtered animals as well as meat products in this region, the use of infected material can be one of the main risk factors of transmission of the parasite to humans
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Background: Chronic use of opioids usually results in physical dependence. The underlying mechanisms for this dependence are still being evaluated. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 [TRPV1] are important receptors of pain perception. Their role during opioid dependence has not been studied well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of morphine-dependence on the expression of TRPV1 receptors in the amygdala and CA1 region of the hippocampus
Methods: This study used four groups of rats. Two groups of rats [morphine and morphine+naloxone] received morphine based on the following protocol: 10 mg/kg [twice daily, 3 days] followed by 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg [twice daily], respectively, for 4 consecutive days. Another group received vehicle [1 ml/ kg] instead of morphine given using the same schedule. The morphine+naloxone group of rats additionally received naloxone [5 mg/kg] at the end of the protocol. The control group rats received no injections or intervention. The amygdala and CA1 regions of the morphine, saline-treated and intact animals were isolated and prepared for real-time PCR analysis
Results: Administration of naloxone induced withdrawal signs in morphine-treated animals. The results showed a significant decrease in TRPV1 gene expression in the amygdala [P<0.05] but not the CA1 region of morphine dependent rats
Conclusion: TRPV1 receptors may be involved in morphineinduced dependence
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Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide prevalent zoonotic parasite which causes toxoplasmosis. An appropriate vaccine for animals could interrupt the circle between animals and humans. Our previous study showed that excreted/secreted antigens [E/ SA], derived from the peritoneum of mice infected with T. gondii tachyzoites could be considered as a good candidate for animal vaccination. Interleukin-10 [IL-10] inhibits proliferation of B and T lymphocytes and induces homeostasis in immune system responses. However, since IL-10 has also been shown to suppress the killing of T. gondii by human macrophages, the aim of this study was to evaluate IL-10 serum levels after vaccination with T. gondii E/SA prepared in vivo. T. gondii tachyzoites were inoculated in the peritoneum of mice and harvested E/SA were used as a vaccine, with and without adjuvant, in T. gondii infected and un-infected mice. IL-10 serum levels were evaluated using the ELISA technique. The data showed that although serum levels of IL-10 were not changed at the early phases, they were elevated at the end phases of vaccination with T. gondii E/SA. Based on these and our previous results, it can be concluded that in vivo prepared T. gondii E/SA could be considered as a good candidate for animal vaccination
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Antigens, Protozoan , Vaccination , Interleukin-10/blood , MiceABSTRACT
Depression is a main complication in the developed and in developing countries. Studies showed that depression not only is a emotional disease but also affect the body. Immune system disordering is an important complication following depression. Studies showed that depression can induce immunological chronic inflammation, hence, lead to accelerate depression. Several molecules including JAK/STAT pathways and Toll like receptors, AIMII and NLRs play important roles in inducing chronic inflammation. It seems that the mentioned molecules can induce inflammation via cytokine production in depressed patients. Therefore, evaluation of cytokine patterns and cytokines producing pathways in depressed patients can help scientists to find the pathogenesis of depression. Thus, the aim of this review article was to collect recent information regarding cytokine patterns as well as the related molecules in inflammation in depression